Monday, October 1, 2007

"It rests by changing" (D. 84a)

Heraclitus's shortest fragment, the Greek is just two words: metaballon anapauetai. In my Ancient Greek philosophy course, we came up with two alternative readings:

(1) There is nothing stable or constant about the universe except change.

(2) The universe attains some semblance of rest through a constant pattern of change.

These readings correspond to two alternative interpretations of Heraclitus' more famous river-fragments. One of them hearkens all the way back to Socrates' summation in Plato's Cratylus: "Heraclitus says somewhere that 'everything gives way and nothing stands fast' (ouden menei), and likening the things that are to the flowing of a river, he says that 'you cannot step into the same river twice' " (402a, tr. Reeve). Since absolutely nothing stands fast, Socrates thinks Heraclitus is emphasizing the universality of flux, as in (1) above. The opposed view, defended by Kirk, Raven & Schofield and also by Charles Kahn, is that the image of the river shows how something can maintain its identity precisely by means of its constant flux--like option (2) above. (See Plato's Symposium 207d-208b for evidence that Plato might also have understood his predecessor this way.)

The question is, what does 84a contribute to the resolution of this dispute about the river-fragment?

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